Contents

Welcome!
DVB-S2 Receiver for Haifuraiya
A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words
Inner Circle Sphere of Activity
Rolling Dice Over Radio
Four Dice Bugs and a Microphone
Upgrading a Hard-Decision Viterbi Decoder to Soft-Decision
Retevis RT86, Hamcation Sponsorship, and 70cm Band Protection
Is Amateur Radio an Alternative to Age-Restricted Social Media?

Welcome to the Debugging Issue!

It’s February 2026 and this issue of Inner Circle has a special focus on Debugging. How do you feel about this necessary and often frustrating process?

Open Research Institute is a non-profit dedicated to open source digital radio work on the amateur bands. We do both technical and regulatory work. Our designs are intended for both space and terrestrial deployment. We’re all volunteer and we work to use and protect the amateur radio bands. You can get involved by visiting https://openresearch.institute/getting-started 

Membership is free. All work is published to the general public at no cost. Review and download our work at https://github.com/OpenResearchInstitute

We equally value ethical behavior and over-the-air demonstrations of innovative and relevant open source solutions. We offer remotely accessible lab benches for microwave band radio hardware and software development. We host meetups and events at least once a week. Members come from around the world. 

Calling All Adventurers: Help Us Complete the dvb_fpga Repository

Rolling for Initiative

Fellow adventurers of the amateur radio realm, we have a quest of legendary proportions before us. The dvb_fpga repository, Open Research Institute’s open-source FPGA implementation of DVB-S2 components, sits at a critical juncture. The transmitter side has been conquered, tested, and proven in battle. But the receiver? That’s the dragon’s lair we haven’t fully mapped yet.

We’ve built a magnificent ballista (the transmitter) that can launch messages into the sky with precision. But catching those messages when they come back? That requires a completely different set of skills. Timing, synchronization, error correction, and the arcane arts of signal processing.

The Story So Far: Our Transmitter Victory

The dvb_fpga repository at https://github.com/OpenResearchInstitute/dvb_fpga already has 130 stars and 39 forks. This is a testament to Suoto’s leadership and the community’s interest. The transmitter chain is complete. The Baseband Scrambler, BCH Encoder, LDPC Encoder, Bit Interleaver, Constellation Mapper, Physical Layer Framing have all been tested and hardware-verified

The entire transmitter chain synthesizes cleanly in Vivado for a Zynq UltraScale+ at 300 MHz, using only about 6.5k LUTs, 6.1k flip-flops, 20 block RAMs, and 64 DSP slices. It’s lean, mean, and ready for deployment. All outputs match GNU Radio reference implementations bit-for-bit.

The Dragon’s Lair: Building the Receiver

Here’s where the quest gets interesting. If the transmitter is like carefully packing a message into an enchanted bottle and throwing it into a stormy sea, the receiver is like trying to catch that bottle while blindfolded, in a hurricane, not knowing exactly when it will arrive—and then having to unscramble the message even if some of the ink got smeared.

The DVB-S2 receiver needs several major components, each a boss encounter in its own right:

Symbol Timing Recovery “The Temporal Synchronizer”

Our receiver clock and the transmitter clock are in different time zones, metaphorically speaking. They drift, they jitter, they disagree about the fundamental nature of time. Symbol timing recovery must analyze the received waveform and figure out exactly when to sample each symbol.

Frame Synchronization “The Beacons are Lit!”

DVB-S2 frames start with a 26-symbol Physical Layer Start of Frame (PLSOF) sequence. It’s like a lighthouse beacon in the rain and fog. The frame synchronizer must detect this pattern, lock onto it, and maintain frame alignment even as conditions change. Miss the beacon, and you’re lost at sea.

Carrier Recovery “The Phase Walker”

Frequency offsets and phase drift cause the received constellation to spin and wobble. Carrier recovery must track these impairments and correct them in real-time. It’s like merging into traffic on a busy freeway. You have to match the speed of the rest of the traffic in order to get where you want to go.

LDPC Decoder “The Error Slayer”

This is the final boss. Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes have near-Shannon-limit error correction performance, but decoding them requires iterative belief propagation across massive sparse matrices. The DVB-S2 LDPC decoder must handle frame sizes up to 64,800 bits with various code rates. Implementations exist (Charles Brain’s GPU version, Ahmet Inan’s C version in GNU Radio), but we need an efficient, open-source FPGA implementation.

Adventurers Wanted: Your Skills Are Needed

This quest isn’t for a single hero. It’s for a party. We need diverse classes of contributors. We need FPGA Wizards, who are versed in VHDL or Verilog who can write synthesizable RTL. The existing codebase uses VUnit for testing. DSP Clerics are needed. These are signal processing experts who understand timing recovery algorithms, PLLs, and carrier synchronization techniques. Algorithm Bards, who can implement LDPC decoders (Min-Sum, layered architectures) and understand the mathematics of iterative decoding. We need GNU Radio Rangers, Python experts who can create reference implementations and test vectors. And, Documentation Warlocks, the Technical writers who can document architectures, interfaces, and usage in clear accessible language. 

Your Starting Equipment

You don’t have to start from scratch. ORI provides Remote Labs, granting access to Xilinx development boards (including ZCU102 with ADRV9002 and a ZC706 with ADRV9009) and test equipment up to 6 GHz. Real hardware, remotely accessible. Existing test infrastructure is VUnit-based testbenches and GNU Radio data generation scripts. These are already in the repository. Reference implementations exist. GNU Radio’s gr-dvbs2rx and Ron Economos’s work provide software references to test against. And, we have community with an enforced code of conduct. The ORI Slack, regular video calls, and an international team of collaborators have built a friendly environment for people to build quality open source hardware, firmware, and software.

The Treasure at Journey’s End

Why does this matter? An open-source, FPGA-based DVB-S2/X receiver enables amateur satellite communications, including but not limited to Phase 4 Ground’s digital multiplexing transceiver for GEO/HEO missions. Students can learn real-world DSP implementations. Experimenters can modify and experiment without proprietary limitations. Commercial DVB-S2 receivers cost thousands of dollars and are black boxes. An open-source FPGA implementation changes the game entirely.

Join the Party

Ready to roll for initiative? Here’s some ways to get started. 
Fork the repository: github.com/OpenResearchInstitute/dvb_fpga
Join ORI Slack: Request an invite at openresearch.institute/getting-started
Check the issues: Seven open issues await eager contributors
Request Remote Lab access: Real hardware for real testing
Make your own Adventure: Start with symbol timing, frame sync, or dive into LDPC decoding

At Open Research Institute, we believe that open source approaches to digital communications yield the best outcomes for everyone. This project is living proof. The transmitter exists because volunteers made it happen. The receiver needs you.

May your synthesis always meet timing, and your simulations always match hardware!

A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words

This image, made with the MacOS DataGraph program by Paul Williamson KB5MU, was created in order to answer a question about the LibreSDR integration effort. Are the frames really coming out at 40ms all the time, and at what rate is the modulator trying to accept bits during that time? Answers should be yes, and 2168 bits per frame. Here we’ve measured both the duration and the count of bits made available in an FPGA register, and normalized them both so that the nominal value is shown as 1.0. Black circles are bits, and red circles are durations. You’ll have to look closely to see that the red and black circles are paired up almost perfectly.  There’s some variation in the duration measured by this method, but it is mostly synchronous with the bit count measurement. The variation shown here is only a few percent, though it looks a bit messy. This is a good result, showing that frame timing was preserved. 

Quality instrumentation enables debugging.

Rolling Dice Over Radio: Games, Community, and an Extensible Command System for Interlocutor

Building a framework for shared activities on the Opulent Voice Protocol

Michelle Thompson, W5NYV

Drop into many repeater nets or tune across the bands and you may find the same small group of regulars having the same conversations. Newcomers often report that the airwaves don’t feel as welcoming as they should. That there’s no obvious reason to key up, nothing to do together, no shared activity that would give someone a reason to come back tomorrow. The technical barriers to entry have been falling for years, but some social ones seem to remain.

What if your radio could roll dice? What if a group of operators could play a tabletop role-playing game (RPG) campaign over a digital voice link, with the interface handling initiative rolls and ability checks right in the chat window? What if the same framework that rolls a d20 could also deal cards for poker night, flip coins for a bet, or run a trivia game? Suddenly there’s a reason to get on the air that has nothing to do with signal reports and everything to do with having fun together.

That’s the idea behind the new command system in Interlocutor, the human-radio interface for the Opulent Voice Protocol. We built an extensible slash-command architecture, starting with a Dungeons and Dragons (D&D) dice roller, that gives operators and developers a framework for creating shared activities over radio. This article describes the design, how it works, and how you can extend it.

Why Games Matter for Amateur Radio

Games are how humans build community. A weekly D&D campaign gives people a standing reason to show up. A card game creates natural turn-taking and conversation. Even something as simple as a shared dice roll creates a moment of anticipation and reaction, like rolling a “natural” 20, that bonds people together. These are exactly the dynamics that amateur radio nets have. The pressure is off the individual to show up and make conversation or feel like they are on the spot. The topic or purpose of the net is the standing reason to show up. Games give this purpose additional interest and fun. Having commands that make games easier enables increased operator participation on the airwaves.

The tabletop gaming community and the amateur radio community already overlap more than most people realize. Both involve people who love systems, protocols, and rules. Both have rich traditions of face-to-face gathering. Both struggle with bringing in younger participants. By giving operators a way to play games over radio, we create a bridge between these communities and gives yet another answer to the question every new ham asks: “I got my license, now what do I do with it?”

At first, the dice roller was the entire point and purpose of the code edit. It was going to be built is as an “Easter Egg”, or an undocumented fun or frivolous feature. But, after thinking it through, we didn’t want to build just a dice roller. And, there was no need to hide it. We realized that that we wanted a framework that the community can extend. We wanted this because we can’t predict what games and activities people will want to play, and the command lexicon on Slack, Discord, multi-user dungeons and dragons (MUDD), and massively multiplayer role-playing games (MMORPG) like Everquest was expansive and well-established. The architecture had to be open and inviting to contributors, just like the airwaves should be open and inviting to operators.

The Architecture Became a Command Dispatch System

The command system sits between user input and the radio transmission pipeline. When you type a line in the chat window, the dispatcher checks whether it starts with a slash-command. If it does, the command is executed locally and the result displayed in your chat window. If it doesn’t, the text passes through to ChatManagerAudioDriven for normal radio transmission. Commands are never sent over the air as raw text. They’re intercepted, interpreted, and (in general) consumed locally.

The implemented design is a three-layer stack that mirrors the modem’s own protocol architecture. The CommandDispatcher is the routing layer. This is analogous to frame sync detection in the radio receiver. It examines the preamble (the slash and command name) and routes to the right handler. Each Command subclass is a self-contained handler that parses its own arguments and returns a structured CommandResult. The result contains both a human-readable summary for the CLI and a structured data dictionary for rich web UI rendering. This is much better than a hardcoded and hidden dice roller.

The Dispatch Pattern

The integration is identical in both CLI and web interfaces. Every line of user input passes through the dispatcher before reaching the chat manager:

result = dispatcher.dispatch(user_input)

if result is not None:

    display(result)     # local only, never transmitted

else:

    send_to_radio(user_input)  # normal chat

Unrecognized slash-commands pass through as normal chat rather than producing errors. This is intentional. Nothing should stand between an operator and their radio. The system helps when it can and stays out of the way when it can’t.

The First Spell in the Book: /roll

The /roll command implements standard tabletop dice notation. The same grammar that RPG players have used for decades and is very well-documented in source code examples online. Type /roll 4d6+2 and Interlocutor rolls four six-sided dice, adds 2, and displays the result with individual roll values visible for full transparency. The alias /r provides shorthand for frequent rollers, because when initiative is on the line, every keystroke counts!

Command Result

/roll d20 d20 is [14] = 14
/roll 4d6+2 4d6+2 is [3, 5, 1, 6] + 2 = 17
/roll d100 d100 is [73] = 73
/roll 3d6-2 3d6-2 is [4, 2, 6] – 2 = 10


Individual roll values are always shown in brackets because some game mechanics depend on them. Such as, dropping the lowest for some methods of ability score generation, counting natural 20s (D&D), counting numbers of 1s or 6s (Warhammer 40k), identifying critical failures (D&D). It also builds trust in the group. You can see the dice aren’t being fudged. Guardrails enforce sensible limits (maximum 100 dice, sides between 2 and 1000), and the error messages include flavor text because error messages are part of the user experience too: “Even Tiamat doesn’t roll that many dice.”

In the Web Interface: A Third Column

In Interlocutor’s web interface, incoming messages appear on the left. Outgoing messages appear on the right. Command results appear centered. They’re neither incoming nor outgoing, they’re a shared activity happening in the space between operators. They are essentially system messages. This three-column layout emerged naturally from the domain model. Messages have a direction (incoming, outgoing, or system), and the visual layout (and CSS styling) reflects that directly.

The web UI receives command results as structured data over WebSocket, not just formatted text. This means the frontend can render dice results with custom styling, highlight critical hits, animate the roll, or display any rich visualization that makes sense for the command. The CLI gets a clean text summary of the same result. Both interfaces use the same backend dispatch logic.

Extending the System: Your Game Here

Adding a new command requires no changes to the dispatcher, the web interface, or the CLI. You create a Python file, subclass Command, implement three properties and one method, and register it. The dispatcher handles all routing. The entire command system is standard-library Python with no external dependencies.

Commands we envision for the community:

More dice mechanics: /roll 4d6kh3 (keep highest 3 for ability scores), /roll 2d20kh1 (D&D advantage), exploding dice, World of Darkness target number pools, other tabletop game conventions.

Game utilities: /coinflip, /draw (deal cards from a shared deck), /initiative (roll for the whole party and sort the results), /shuffle.

Radio commands: /freq, /power, /mode, lets you display or adjust radio parameters without cluttering the chat.

Conference management: /who (list participants), /mute, /invite — for Interlocutor’s upcoming conference tab.

The architecture is deliberately inviting to contributors. If you can write a Python function, you can add a command. Customize your ride!

Looking Ahead: Game Night Over the Air

Right now, command results are local to the operator’s interface. That means that all dice rolls are private. You see your own results in your own interface. Nobody else does. This is fine for solo testing and local play, but it’s not ideal for a game session over radio.

When Interlocutor gains its conference tab, command results will become shareable through the conference signaling layer. The conference model is straightforward. A conference is a list of target call signs, and traffic addressed to that conference reaches all members. Dice rolls will travel through this conference channel, not the radio text channel, in a similar way that party chat and zone chat are separate channels in an online game.

The interesting design question is visibility control. On platforms like D&D Beyond, players choose whether to roll publicly or privately. A dungeon master (DM) rolling behind the screen needs private rolls. The party shouldn’t see whether that monster’s saving throw succeeded before the DM narrates the result. But player rolls generally need to be public for the group to trust them. We’ll need something like /roll d20 for public rolls and /rollpriv d20 or /roll d20 –private for DM-only results. We’re not there yet, but the CommandResult structure already carries enough metadata to support it. So, adding a visibility flag is straightforward once the conference transport exists.

Imagine a Saturday night D&D session over Opulent Voice. The DM describes a scene by voice, a player types /roll d20+5 for their attack, and every operator in the conference sees the result appear in their chat window. The dice emoji, the individual roll, the modifier, the total. Someone keys up: “Natural 18 plus 5, that’s a 23, does that hit?” The radio comes alive with exactly the kind of activity that gives people a reason to come back next week. Data mode allows simple maps. This won’t replace the advanced graphics of dndbeyond.com, but it does fully enable the theater of the mind at the heart of roleplaying games.

That is what welcoming looks like. Not just a sign on the door, but something worth doing on the other side of it.

Get Involved

The Interlocutor command system is open source and available in the Interlocutor repository on GitHub (https://github.com/OpenResearchInstitute/interlocutor/).

We welcome contributions—new commands, new game ideas, bug reports, or just telling us what you’d want to do over radio that you can’t do today. The best way to make the airwaves more welcoming is to give people something fun to do when they get there. If you’ve ever wished your radio could roll a d20, now it can! And if you want it to do something else entirely, the framework is ready for you.

Four Dice Bugs and a Microphone

Debugging the Interlocutor Command System

Michelle Thompson, W5NYV

We added a “simple” feature to Interlocutor’s web interface and spent more time fighting the browser than writing the feature. Here is our debugging war story from the Opulent Voice Protocol project.

A companion article in this newsletter describes the new slash-command system for Interlocutor. This is an extensible architecture that lets operators type /roll d20 in the chat window and see dice results locally instead of transmitting the raw text over the air. The design is clean, the test suite passes, and the CLI works perfectly.

The web interface, however, had other plans!

What followed was a debugging session that touched every layer of the stack. Python async handlers, JavaScript message routing, browser rendering, and (most painfully for me) browser caching. Each bug had a clear symptom, a non-obvious cause, and a fix that taught us all something about the assumptions hiding in our code.

So here is the story of those four bugs!

Bug 1: The Eager Blue Bubble

Symptom

Type /roll d6 in the web interface. A blue outgoing message bubble appears on the right side of the chat, showing the raw text /roll d6, as if it were a normal chat message being sent over the radio. No dice result appears. It’s supposed to be in the middle and a difference color, due to a special CSS case for commands. Commands are neither sent messages or received messages, therefore they are in the center of the message area and are visually distinct with a different color.

After refreshing the browser, the blue bubble disappears and the correct dice result appears instead, centered and properly styled! Well, that isn’t going to work.

The Investigation

The fact that refresh fixed the display turned out to be the key clue. It meant the server was doing its job correctly. It was dispatching the command, generating the result, and storing it in message history. The problem was in how the browser rendered the initial interaction, right after the operator pressed return at the end of the command.

Here’s the original sendMessage() function in app.js:

function sendMessage() {
    const messageInput = document.getElementById('message-input');
    const message = messageInput.value.trim();

    if (!message) return;

    if (ws && ws.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
        const timestamp = new Date().toISOString();
        displayOutgoingMessage(message, timestamp);   // ← THE CULPRIT

        sendWebSocketMessage('send_text_message', { message });
        messageInput.value = '';
        messageInput.style.height = 'auto';
    }
}

See line 224? displayOutgoingMessage(message, timestamp) fires immediately, before the WebSocket message even leaves the browser. The function creates a blue right-aligned bubble and appends it to the chat history. So far so good. Then the message travels to the server, where the command dispatcher intercepts it and sends back a command_result. But, by then, the user is already looking at a blue bubble containing /roll d6.

This is an optimistic UI pattern. This is the kind you see in iMessage or Slack, where sent messages appear instantly without waiting for server confirmation. It’s the right design for normal chat messages, where the server is just a relay. But slash-commands aren’t normal chat. They need to be processed by the server before the UI knows what to display.

The Fix

A one-line gate:

    if (ws && ws.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
        const timestamp = new Date().toISOString();
        // Don't display slash-commands as outgoing chat — the server
        // will send back a command_result that renders properly
        if (!message.startsWith('/')) {
            displayOutgoingMessage(message, timestamp);
        }

        sendWebSocketMessage('send_text_message', { message });

Normal chat still gets the instant blue bubble. Slash-commands wait for the server’s command_result response and render through the proper handler. The UI now reflects the actual data flow, which is almost always the best way to do it.

The Lesson

Optimistic UI is a performance optimization with semantic consequences. When you render before processing, you’re saying that you already know what the result looks like. For relay-style operations like send text or display text, this assumption holds. For operations that transform input like parse command, execute, or return structured result, it doesn’t. The display strategy needs to match the processing model.

Bug 2: The Silent Tagged Template Literal

Symptom

After adding the slash-command gate to sendMessage(), the web interface stops working entirely. Whoops! The page loads, but no WebSocket connection is established. The server logs show HTTP 200 for the page and JavaScript files, but no WebSocket upgrade requests. The browser appears completely dead! Doh.

The Investigation

Opening Safari’s Web Inspector, the console showed:

SyntaxError: Unexpected token ';'. Expected ')' to end a compound expression.
    (anonymous function) (app.js:234)

Line 234 wasn’t anywhere near our edit. It was this line, which had existed in the codebase before we touched anything:

        addLogEntry`Sent message: ${message.substring(0, 50)}...`, 'info');

Spot the problem? I didn’t, at first. There’s a missing ( between addLogEntry and the backtick. The correct call should be:

        addLogEntry(`Sent message: ${message.substring(0, 50)}...`, 'info');

Here’s where it gets interesting. This line had been working before our edit. It had worked all along no problem. But, how?

In JavaScript, functionName followed by a template literal (backtick string) is valid syntax. It’s called a tagged template literal. It calls the function with the template parts as arguments. Why do we have tagged template literals in our code? Spoiler alert. We don’t!

JavaScript didn’t complain because addLogEntry`…`  is coincidentally valid syntax. It’s a tagged template literal call. The language feature exists so you can do things like sanitizing HTML (html\<p>${userInput}</p>`) or building SQL queries with automatic escaping. Libraries like styled-components and GraphQL's gql` tag use them heavily.

But nobody chose to use one here. The typo just happened to land in the exact one spot where a missing parenthesis produces a different valid program instead of a syntax error. It was an accidental bug hiding in plain sight.

So addLogEntry\Sent message: ...`` was being parsed as a tagged template call, which would produce garbage results but wouldn’t throw an error.

The , 'info'); after the closing backtick was previously being parsed as part of a larger expression that happened to be syntactically valid in context. But our edit to sendMessage() changed the surrounding code structure just enough that the JavaScript parser could no longer make sense of the stray , 'info'). And, Safari, unlike Chrome, refused to be lenient about it.

One missing parenthesis, silently wrong for who knows how long, suddenly became fatal because we edited a nearby line.

The Fix

Add the (:

        addLogEntry(`Sent message: ${message.substring(0, 50)}...`, 'info');

The Lesson

Tagged template literals can be a silent trap. A missing ( before a backtick doesn’t produce a syntax error. It produces a different valid program. The bug was latent in the codebase, asymptomatic until a nearby change shifted the parser’s interpretation of the surrounding code. This is the kind of thing a linter catches instantly, and it’s a good argument for running one.

Bug 3: Safari’s Immortal Cache

Symptom

After fixing the tagged template literal, we save app.js, restart the server, and reload the browser. The same error appears! We use Safari’s “Empty Caches” command (Develop menu, select Empty Caches). Same error. We hard-refresh with Cmd+Shift+R. Same error. The server logs show 304 Not Modified for app.js. The browser isn’t even requesting the new file. Ugh.

The Investigation

FastAPI’s StaticFiles serves JavaScript files with default cache headers that tell the browser to cache aggressively. Safari honors this enthusiastically. The “Empty Caches” command clears the disk cache, but Safari also holds cached resources in memory for any open tabs or windows. As long as a Safari window exists, even if you’ve navigated away from the page, the in-memory cache can survive a disk cache clear.

We verified this by checking the server logs. After “Empty Caches” and reload, the server never received a request for app.js at all. Safari was serving the old file from memory without even asking the server if it had changed. In production, this is useful. In development, it can be confusing and result in a wasted time and effort.

The Fix

Quit Safari completely. Cmd+Q, not just closing the window, and then relaunch. On the fresh launch, Safari requested all files from the server (status 200), got the corrected app.js, and the WebSocket connection established immediately. This could be seen in Interlocutor’s terminal output.

For future development, we can consider three approaches. First, adding Cache-Control: no-cache headers via middleware. Second, appending cache-buster query strings to script tags (app.js?v=2). Third, using content-hashed filenames. All are legitimate. For an actively-developed project without a build system, the full-browser-quit approach during development is the simplest, and proper cache headers can be added when the project matures.

The Lesson

Browser caching is not a single mechanism. Disk cache, memory cache, service worker cache, and HTTP cache negotiation are all separate systems that interact in browser-specific ways. “Clear the cache” can mean different things depending on which layer you’re clearing. When changes to static files seem to have no effect, verify at the network level (server logs or browser network tab) that the new file is actually being requested, not just that the old cache has been “cleared.”

Bug 4: The Split-Personality Refresh

Symptom

With the cache issue resolved, slash-commands now work in the web interface. Yay! Type /roll d6 and a properly styled command result appears, centered in the chat with a dark background and dice emoji. Type /roll fireball damage and a red error message appears, also centered. It looks great.

Then hit refresh.

The same messages reload from history, but now they’re displayed as incoming messages. They are eft-aligned, light background, wrong styling. The live rendering and the history rendering are producing completely different visual output for the same data. Blech.

The Investigation

Interlocutor’s web interface loads message history on every WebSocket connection and this includes reconnects and page refreshes. The loadMessageHistory() function in app.js iterates over all stored messages and dutifully renders each one:

function loadMessageHistory(messages) {
    messages.forEach(messageData => {
        let direction = 'incoming';
        let from = messageData.from;

        if (messageData.from === currentStation ||
            messageData.direction === 'outgoing') {
            direction = 'outgoing';
            from = 'You';
        }

        const message = createMessageElement(
            messageData.content, direction, from, messageData.timestamp
        );
        messageHistory.appendChild(message);
    });
}

This function knows about two types of messages: incoming and outgoing. A command result has direction: "system"and from: "Interlocutor" — which doesn’t match the outgoing check, so it falls through to the default direction = 'incoming'. The function dutifully renders it as a left-aligned incoming message. It’s just doing what it’s told.

Meanwhile, live command results arrive as WebSocket messages with type: "command_result", which routes to handleCommandResult(). This is a completely separate rendering path that produces the centered, dark-styled output.

Same data, two rendering paths, two visual results. The message type field was present in the stored data but loadMessageHistory() never checked it.

The Fix

Add a type check at the top of the history loop:

    messages.forEach(messageData => {
        // Handle command results from history
        if (messageData.type === 'command_result') {
            handleCommandResult(messageData);
            return;
        }

        let direction = 'incoming';
        // ... existing code continues ...

Now history-loaded command results route through the same handleCommandResult() function as live ones. Same code path, same visual output, regardless of whether you’re seeing the result live or after a refresh.

The Lesson

When you add a new message type to a system that stores and replays messages, there are always two rendering paths: the live path and the history path. If you only add handling to the live path, the system appears to work, but only until someone refreshes. This is a specific instance of a more general principle. Any system that persists data and reconstructs UI from it must handle every data type in both the write path and the read path. Miss one and you get a split personality. And that is what happened here.

The Meta-Lesson

All four bugs share a common thread. Interlocutor had multiple paths to the same destination, and we only modified some of them!

The blue bubble existed because sendMessage() had an immediate rendering path and a server-response rendering path, and we only added command handling to the server path. The tagged template literal survived because JavaScript had two valid parsings of the same token sequence, and we only intended one. The cache persisted because Safari had a memory cache and a disk cache, and we only cleared the disk. The split-personality refresh existed because the UI had a live rendering path and a history rendering path, and we only added command handling to the live path.

In each case, the fix was pretty small. Conditional check, a parenthesis, a browser restart, a type guard. The debugging time came from discovering which path we’d missed. The lesson isn’t about any particular technology and had nothing to do with the functionality implemented with this code commit. It’s about the discipline of asking “What are all the ways this data can reach this code?” and making sure every path handles every case.

For a radio system where reliability matters, that discipline is well worth cultivating.

The Interlocutor command system is open source and available in the Interlocutor repository on GitHub (https://github.com/OpenResearchInstitute/interlocutor/). This new interlocutor_command module includes comprehensive documentation, has a demo program to show how it works, 43 tests in a mini-test suite, and an integration.md guide that now includes a Troubleshooting section born directly from these four bugs.

Upgrading a Hard-Decision Viterbi Decoder to Soft-Decision: A Case Study in FPGA Debugging

This article documents the process of upgrading a working hard-decision Viterbi decoder to soft-decision decoding in an FPGA-based MSK modem implementing the Opulent Voice protocol. Soft-decision decoding provides approximately 2-3 dB of coding gain over hard-decision, which is significant for satellite communications and weak signal work where every dB matters. We describe the architectural changes, the bugs encountered, and the systematic debugging approach used to resolve them.

Introduction

The Opulent Voice (OPV) protocol uses a rate 1/2, constraint length 7 convolutional code with generator polynomials G1=171 and G2=133 in octal representation. The original implementation used hard-decision Viterbi decoding, where each received bit is quantized to 0 or 1 before decoding. Soft-decision decoding preserves additional information from the demodulator. In addition to the output of a 0 or a 1, we also have what we are going to call “confidence information” from the demodulator. This additional information allows us to make better decisions because some bits are more reliable than others. Some bits come in strong and clear and others are very noisy. If we knew how sure we were about whether the bit was a 0 or a 1, then we could improve our final answers on what we thought was sent to us. How is this improvement achieved? We can’t read the mind of the transmitter, so where does this “confidence information” come frome? How do we use it?

Consider receiving two bits. We get one bit with a strong signal and we get the other bit near the noise floor. Hard decision treats both bits equally. They’re either 0 or 1, case closed. Soft decision decoding says “I’m 95% confident this first bit is a 1, but only 55% confident about the second bit being a 0.” When the decoder must choose between competing paths, it can weight reliable bits more heavily than the ones it has less confidence about.

When our modem demodulates a bit, the result is calculated as a signed 16 bit number. For hard decisions, we just take the sign bit from this number. This is the bit that tells us if the number is positive or negative. Negative numbers are interpreted as 1 and positive numbers are interpreted as 0. The rest of the number, for hard decisions, is thrown away. However, we are going to use the rest of the calculation for soft decisions. How close to full scale 1 or 0 was the rest of the number? This is our confidence information.

In practice, a technique called 3-bit soft quantization captures most of the available information and gets us the answers we are after. Quantization means that we translate our 16 bit number, which represents a very high resolution of 65536 levels of confidence, into a 3 bit number, which represents a more manageable 8 levels of confidence. Think of this like when someone asks you to rate a restaurant on a scale from 1 to 5. That’s relatively easy. 1 is terrible. 5 is great. 3 is average, or middle of the road. If you were asked to rate a restaurant on a scale from 1 to 65536, you probably could, but how many levels of quality are there really? Simplifying a rating to a smaller number of steps makes it easier to deal with and communitcate to others. This is what we are doing with our 16 bit calculation. Converting it to a 3 bit calcuation simplifies our design by quite a bit without sacrificing a lot of performance. We can always go back to the 16 bit number if we have to. Since we were using signed binary representation, 000 is the biggest number and 111 is the smallest. If we print the numbers out, you can see how it works if we just take the sign bit and “round up” or “round down” the rest of the result.

Here’s our quantized demodulator output. The sign of the number (positive or negative) is the first binary digit. Then the rest of the number follows.

000 largest positive number - definitely received a 0
001 probably a 0
010 might be a 0
011 close to zero, but still positive
100 close to zero, but still negative
101 might be a 1
110 probably a 1
111 smallest negative number - definitely received a 1

After the conversion, our implementation uses the following rubric.

confidence        outcome
000               strong ‘0’ (high positive correlation)
111               strong ‘1’ (high negative correlation)
011-100           uncertain!

System Architecture

Original Hard-Decision Path

[Demodulator] to [Frame Sync] to [Frame Decoder] to [Output]
                     |              |
                  rx_bit      Deinterleave
                  rx_valid    Hard Decision Viterbi
                              Derandomize

The hard-decision path is as follows. The demodulator outputs `rx_bit` (0 or 1) and an `rx_valid` strobe. This strobe tells us when the `rx_bit` is worth looking at. We don’t want to pick up the wrong order, or get something out of the oven too early (still frozen) or too late (oops it’s burned). `rx_valid` tells us when it’s “just right”.  The frame sync detector finds sync words in the incoming received bitstream and then assembles bytes into frames. The sync word is then thrown away, having done its job. The resulting frame needs to be deinterleaved, to put the bits back in the right order, and then we do our forward error correction. After that, we derandomize. We now have a received data frame.

New Soft-Decision Path

[Demodulator] to [Frame Sync Soft] to [Frame Decoder Soft] to [Output]
                     |                      |
                  rx_bit              Deinterleave
                  rx_valid            Soft Decision Viterbi
                  rx_soft[15:0]       Derandomize
                     |
              Quantize to 3-bit
              Store soft buffer

There is a lot here that is the same. We deinterleave, decode, and derandomize. We decode with a new soft decision Viterbi decoder, but the flow in the soft frame decoder is essentially the same as in the hard decision version.

What is new is that the demodulator provides 16-bit signed soft metric alongside the previously provided hard bit. This is just bringing out the “rest” of the calculation used to get us the hard bit in the first place. A really nice thing about our radio design is that this data was there all along. We didn’t have to change the demodulator in order to use it.

Another update is that the frame sync detector quantizes and buffers these soft “confidence information” values. So, we have an additional buffer involved. Finally, the frame decoder uses soft Viterbi with separate G1/G2 soft inputs, instead of the `rx_bit` that we were using before.

Implementation Details

Soft Value Quantization

The demodulator’s soft output is the difference between correlator outputs: `data_f1_sum – data_f2_sum`. Large positive values indicate confident ‘0’, large negative indicate confident ‘1’.

FUNCTION quantize_soft(soft : signed(15 DOWNTO 0)) RETURN std_logic_vector IS
BEGIN
    -- POLARITY: negative soft = ‘1’ bit, positive soft = ‘0’ bit
    IF soft < -300 THEN
        RETURN “111”;  -- Strong ‘1’ (large negative soft)
    ELSIF soft < -150 THEN
        RETURN “101”;  -- Medium ‘1’
    ELSIF soft < -50 THEN
        RETURN “100”;  -- Weak ‘1’
    ELSIF soft < 50 THEN
        RETURN “011”;  -- Erasure/uncertain
    ELSIF soft < 150 THEN
        RETURN “010”;  -- Weak ‘0’
    ELSIF soft < 300 THEN
        RETURN “001”;  -- Medium ‘0’
    ELSE
        RETURN “000”;  -- Strong ‘0’ (large positive soft)
    END IF;
END FUNCTION;

The thresholds (+/- 50, +/- 150, +/- 300) must be calibrated for the specific demodulator. If you want to implement our code in your project, then start with these values and adjust based on observed soft value distributions.

Soft Buffer Architecture

The Opulent Voice frame contains 2144 encoded bits (134 payload bytes × 8 bits × 2 for rate-1/2 error correcting code). Each bit needs a 3-bit soft value, requiring 6432 bits of storage.

TYPE soft_frame_buffer_t IS ARRAY(0 TO 2143) OF std_logic_vector(2 DOWNTO 0);
SIGNAL soft_frame_buffer : soft_frame_buffer_t;

Bit Ordering Challenges

The most subtle bugs in getting this design to work involved bit ordering mismatches between hard and soft paths. The system has multiple bit-ordering conventions that must align. There were several bugs that tripped us up in this category. The way to solve it was to carefully check the waveforms and repeatedly check assumptions about indexing.

Byte transmission: MSB-first (bit 7 transmitted before bit 0)
Byte assembly in receiver: Shift register fills MSB first
Interleaver: 67×32 matrix, column-major order
Soft buffer indexing: Must match hard bit indexing

The Arrival Order Problem

Bytes transmit MSB-first, meaning for byte N a `bit_count` of 0 receives byte(7) = interleaved[N×8 + 7] and a `bit_count` of 7 receives byte(0) = interleaved[N×8 + 0]

The hard path naturally handles this through shift register assembly. The soft path must explicitly account for it. We got this wrong at first and had to sort it out carefully.

Wrong approach which caused bugs:

-- Tried to match input_bits ordering with complex formula
soft_frame_buffer(frame_byte_count * 8 + (7 - bit_count)) <= quantize_soft(...);

This formula has a timing bug: `bit_count` is read before it updates (VHDL signal semantics), causing off-by-one errors.

Correct approach which gave the right results:

-- Store in arrival order, handle reordering in decoder
soft_frame_buffer(frame_soft_idx) <= quantize_soft(s_axis_soft_tdata);
frame_soft_idx <= frame_soft_idx + 1;

Then in the decoder, we used a combined deinterleave+reorder function:

FUNCTION soft_deinterleave_address(deint_idx : NATURAL) RETURN NATURAL IS
    VARIABLE interleaved_pos : NATURAL;
    VARIABLE byte_num : NATURAL;
    VARIABLE bit_in_byte : NATURAL;
BEGIN
    -- Find which interleaved position has the deinterleaved bit
    interleaved_pos := interleave_address_bit(deint_idx);
    -- Convert interleaved position to arrival position (MSB-first correction)
    byte_num := interleaved_pos / 8;
    bit_in_byte := interleaved_pos MOD 8;
    RETURN byte_num * 8 + (7 - bit_in_byte);
END FUNCTION;

Soft Viterbi Decoder

The soft Viterbi decoder computes branch metrics differently than hard Viterbi decoders. Hard-decision branch metric has a Hamming distance of 0, 1, or 2.

branch_metric := (g1_received XOR g1_expected) + (g2_received XOR g2_expected);

Soft-decision branch metric is the sum of soft confidences.

-- For expected bit = ‘1’: metric = soft_value (high if received ‘1’)
-- For expected bit = ‘0’: metric = 7 - soft_value (high if received ‘0’)
IF g1_expected = ‘1’ THEN
    bm := bm + unsigned(g1_soft);
ELSE
    bm := bm + (7 - unsigned(g1_soft));
END IF;
-- Same for G2

The path with the highest cumulative metric wins. This is the opposite convention from hard-decision Hamming distance, where the least differences between two different possible patterns wins.

Debugging Journal

Bug #1: Quantization Thresholds

Symptom was all soft values were 7 (strong ‘1’). But, we knew our data was about half 0 and about half 1. The root cause was that initial thresholds (+/- 12000) were far outside the actual soft value range (+/- 400). We adjusted thresholds to +/- 300, +/- 150, and +/- 50.

Lesson? Always check actual signal ranges before setting thresholds.

Bug #2: Polarity Inversion

Symptom was that output frames were bit-inverted. The root cause was that soft value polarity convention was backwards?positive was mapped to ‘1’ instead of ‘0’. This was fixed by inverting the quantization mapping.

Bug #3: Viterbi Output Bit Ordering

The symptom was that decoded bytes had reversed bit order. Viterbi traceback produces bits in a specific order that wasn’t matched during byte packing. After several missed guesses, we corrected the bit-to-byte packing loop.

FOR i IN 0 TO PAYLOAD_BYTES - 1 LOOP
    FOR j IN 0 TO 7 LOOP
        fec_decoded_buffer(i)(j) <= decoder_output_buf(PAYLOAD_BYTES*8 - 1 - i*8 - j);
    END LOOP;
END LOOP;

Bug #4: VHDL Timing – Stale G1/G2 Data

The symptom was that the first decoded bytes were correct, and the rest were garbage. This was super annoying. The root cause was that `decoder_start` was asserted in the same clock cycle as G1/G2 packing, but VHDL signal assignments don’t take effect until process end. We added pipeline stage. We pack G1/G2 in `PREP_FEC_DECODE`, assert start, and wait for `decoder_busy` before transitioning to `FEC_DECODE`

Bug #5: Vivado Optimization Removing Signals

In Vivado’s waveform visualizer, the `deinterleaved_soft` array was partially uninitialized in simulation. The cause was unclear, but we surmised that Vivado optimized away signals it deemed unnecessary.

We added `dont_touch` and `ram_style` attributes. This seemed to fix the symptom, but we didn’t feel like it was a cure.

ATTRIBUTE ram_style : STRING;
ATTRIBUTE ram_style OF soft_buffer : SIGNAL IS “block”;
ATTRIBUTE dont_touch : STRING;
ATTRIBUTE dont_touch OF soft_buffer : SIGNAL IS “true”;

Bug #6: Soft Buffer Index Timing

We saw that soft values were stored at wrong indices. The entire pattern was shifted. Storage formula `byte*8 + (7 – bit_count)` read `bit_count` before increment, which pulled everything off by one. Waveform showed index 405 being written when 404 was expected. The formula was mathematically correct, but VHDL signal assignment semantics meant `bit_count` had its old value.

We abandoned the complex indexing formula. We now store in arrival order using simple incrementing counter and handle reordering in decoder.

Bug #7: Wrong Randomizer Sequence

Output frames were completely corrupted despite all other signals appearing correct. The cause was that the soft decoder was created with a different randomizer lookup table than the encoder and hard decoder.

Encoder/Hard Decoder: `x”A3”, x”81”, x”5C”, x”C4”, …`
Soft Decoder (wrong): `x”96”, x”83”, x”3F”, x”5B”, …`

When creating the soft decoder, the randomizer table was generated incorrectly instead of being copied from the working hard decoder. We copied exact randomizer sequence from `ov_frame_decoder.vhd`, and it started working. Lesson learned? When creating a new module based on an existing one, copy constants exactly. Don’t regenerate them.

Debugging Methodology

Systematic Signal Tracing

When output is wrong, work backwards from output to input. Check final output values. Check intermediate values after major transformations (after derandomize, after Viterbi, after deinterleave). Check input values to each stage, even if you totally believe you’re getting the right data. Find where expected and actual diverge. Don’t try to solve “in the middle” of wrongness. Work on finding the edges between correct and incorrect, even if it points in unexpected directions.

Reference Implementation

Maintain a reference design. This independent design needs to be different than the platform and language that you are working on. This reference performs identical operations and can help you figure things out. For example, our Python references helped us solve problems in our VHDL.

def convolutional_encode(input_bits):
    G1, G2 = 0o171, 0o133
    shift_reg = 0
    output = []
    for bit in input_bits:
        shift_reg = ((shift_reg << 1) | bit) & 0x7F
        g1_bit = bin(shift_reg & G1).count(‘1’) % 2
        g2_bit = bin(shift_reg & G2).count(‘1’) % 2
        output.extend([g1_bit, g2_bit])
    return output
def interleave(bits):
    ROWS, COLS = 67, 32
    interleaved = [0] * len(bits)
    for i in range(len(bits)):
        row, col = i // COLS, i % COLS
        interleaved[col * ROWS + row] = bits[i]
    return interleaved

Compare FPGA signals against reference at each stage.

Test Patterns

Use recognizable patterns that make errors obvious. For example, we use alternating frames for our test payload data. First frame is sequential. The bytes go 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, and so on up to 0x85. The second frame is offset from this. 0x80, 0x81, 0x82, up to 0xFF where it rolls over to 0x00, 0x01, 0x02,0x03, 0x04 ending at 0x05. Alternating distinctive frames like these help to reveal a wide variety of errors. Frame boundary issues, such as when a frame starts in the middle of another frame, can be spotted. Initialization issues might be revealed as the root cause if only first frame works and all the rest fail. And, state machine issues could be the underlying problem if the pattern of output bytes is inconsistent.

Waveform Analysis Tips

Check before clock edge! Signal values are sampled at rising edge. What you see “after” may be the next value, not the current value. Watch for ‘U’ (uninitialized). This indicates a signal never written or it got optimized away. Why wasn’t it ever written? Why is it missing? This is a clue! Track indices. When storing to arrays, verify both the index and value are correct. Off by one errors are very common. Compare parallel paths. If, for example, a hard decision path works but soft decisions do not, the difference reveals the bug.

Results

After fixing all bugs, the soft-decision decoder produces identical output to the hard-decision decoder for clean signals. The benefit appears at low SNR where soft decisions allow the Viterbi algorithm to make better path selections. Soft decisions add 2-3 additional dB of coding gain over hard decisions, which brought us 5 dB of coding gain.

Conclusions

Upgrading from hard to soft decision decoding requires careful attention to bit ordering, VHDL timing, polarity conventions, and code re-use. Multiple conventions must align. You have to get transmission order, assembly order, interleaver order, and buffer indexing all correct. Signal vs. variable semantics matter for single-cycle operations. This is a language-specific thing for VHDL, but all languages have crucial differences between the tools used to get things done in code. Document and verify positive/negative soft value meanings. In other words, pick heads or tails and stick with it. Copy constants and lookup tables exactly from working code. Re-use saves time until a copy and paste error slows the debugging process for hours or days.

The 2-3 dB coding gain from soft decisions is worth the implementation complexity for satellite communications where link margins are precious. The coding gain helps in terrestrial settings to increase range and reliability.

Source Code

The complete implementation is available in the Open Research Institute `pluto_msk` repository at `https://github.com/OpenResearchInstitute/pluto_msk`. `frame_sync_detector_soft.vhd` is the frame sync with soft value quantization and buffering. `ov_frame_decoder_soft.vhd` is the frame decoder with soft Viterbi. And `viterbi_decoder_k7_soft.vhd` is the soft-decision Viterbi decoder core. These are separate files from the hard decision versions, which are also available. Look for files without the soft in the titles. This work may still be in the encoder-dev branch when you read this, but the eventual destination is main.

Acknowledgments

This work was performed at Open Research Institute as part of the Opulent Voice digital voice protocol development. It is open source and is publised under CERN open hardware licesnse version 2.0. Special thanks to Paul Williamson KB5MU for Remote Labs hardware support and testing, Matthew Wishek NB0X for modem architecture, design, and implementation, and Evariste F5OEO for integration advice for the Libre SDR. Thank you to the many volunteers reviewing the work and providing encouragement and support during the debugging process.

Retevis RT86, Hamcation Sponsorship, and 70cm Band Protection

A Technical Analysis

This analysis examines concerns regarding Retevis sponsorship of Orlando Hamcation 2026 and the RT86 radio’s potential to facilitate illegal business operations on the 70cm amateur band. The concern is real. The Retevis RT86 holds only FCC Part 15B certification. This certification is for receivers and unintentional radiators. Yet, the radio is marketed for business use on 430 to 440 MHz. These frequencies are allocated exclusively to amateur radio. The sponsorship of Hamcation 2026 by Retevis has resulted in strong emotions and an accusation of bribery. Characterizing commercial sponsorship as bribery is legally incorrect and counterproductive to addressing the underlying regulatory concern. That concern is warranted and real.

Technical Facts: The RT86 Certification Gap

The Retevis RT86 presents a clear regulatory discrepancy between its FCC certification and its marketing.

The Certification vs. Use Discrepancy

FCC Enforcement Precedent: Skydive Elsinore (May 2024)

The FCC does enforce against businesses operating illegally in amateur bands. In May 2024, the FCC issued a Notice of Unlicensed Operation to Skydive Elsinore, LLC (Lake Elsinore, CA) for transmitting on 442.725 MHz without proper authorization. This confirms the FCC takes action when violations are documented. Though, enforcement really does depend on available resources and case priority.

The Enforcement Pipeline: Riley Hollingsworth and FCC Resource Constraints

Some community members have expressed frustration that Riley Hollingsworth, K4ZDH, hasn’t been able to resolve complaints about illegal business operations on 70cm. Understanding Hollingsworth’s current role, and its limitations, is essential context.

Riley Hollingsworth served as Special Counsel for the Spectrum Enforcement Division of the FCC’s Enforcement Bureau from 1998 until his retirement in 2008. During that decade, he was effectively the face of amateur radio enforcement at the FCC. He handled violations, issued warning letters, and pursued enforcement actions. He became legendary in the amateur community for his hands-on approach to spectrum enforcement.

In 2019, the ARRL and FCC signed a Memorandum of Understanding creating the Volunteer Monitor (VM) program, with Hollingsworth as the Volunteer Monitor Program Administrator. This program replaced the old Official Observer system. Under this arrangement, trained volunteer monitored observe the bands, documented violations, and reported them to Hollingsworth, who reviews cases and refers appropriate ones to the FCC for action.

Hollingsworth is a contractor/volunteer for ARRL. He is no longer an FCC employee. He can review cases, document violations, and refer them to the FCC, but he has zero enforcement authority. The FCC Enforcement Bureau must decide whether to act on any referral. The VM program was explicitly created “in the wake of several FCC regional office closures and a reduction in field staff.” The FCC doesn’t have the resources to handle amateur enforcement at the level it once did. Cases referred by the VM program compete for attention with interference to aviation, public safety, and cellular. All of which have paying constituencies and Congressional interest.

When someone says “Riley knows about it, but can’t do anything,” they’re essentially correct. He can pass complaints to the FCC, but the FCC Enforcement Bureau prioritizes cases based on available resources and perceived harm. Unlicensed business operations on 70cm, while a legitimate violation, may not rise to the level that triggers immediate FCC action when balanced against their other enforcement priorities.

This doesn’t mean filing complaints is pointless. Documented cases build the record that can eventually justify FCC action, and the VM program gives cases priority treatment over the general complaint process. But expectations should be calibrated to the reality that FCC amateur enforcement operates under significant resource constraints.

The Bribery Question: Why the Characterization Matters

Characterizing Retevis’s Hamcation sponsorship as “bribery” is legally incorrect and strategically counterproductive. This is a characterization made by people genuinely upset and outraged by Hamcation accepting Retevis as a sponsor. It feels bad and looks bad. This isn’t just another radio equipment company, but one that has sold products that have been recorded operating on the 70 cm ham band in open violation of FCC regulations.

Why is bribery the wrong characterization? Bribery requires offering value to influence an official act. Commercial sponsorship is transparent and a routine business practice.

Hamfests regularly accept sponsorship from vendors whose products can be used illegally. Many radios can transmit outside their authorized frequencies. Almost all of Open Research Institute’s work is done on software-defined radios that have essentially no limits on which band they can transmit on. It’s entirely up to our volunteers and experimenters to operate the equipment legally and well.

The legitimate question is one of organizational ethics. Should hamfests vet sponsors for regulatory compliance? That’s a policy discussion, not a criminal allegation.

The technical facts, like the Part 15B-only certification, the business marketing, the amateur-band defaults out of the box, are all strong enough to stand on their own.

Recommendations

For the Amateur Radio Community

Focus on regulatory facts. Document specific instances of illegal operation with time, frequency, location, and signal characteristics. This has been done and has been reported to Riley Hollingsworth. More reports are needed. File FCC complaints through the VM program (K4ZDH@arrl.net) or directly at ConsumerComplaints.FCC.gov

Understand that enforcement takes time and resources. Building a documented case history helps justify eventual FCC action. It may feel like a lot is being done, for a long time, with nothing to show for it. That’s often how this sort of work feels.

It’s a good question as to whether or not individual amateur radio operators have a responsibility to educate businesses about licensing requirements when encountering illegal operations. It’s almost never a good idea to confront someone doing something that is illegal. Amateur radio is supposed to be self-policing, but this has almost always been taken to reinforce the idea of policing our own ranks (signals that splatter, tuning up on top of the DX station, repeater hogging), and not policing band incursions outside our ranks. Like, from commercial operations that might take great exception to an interruption of logistics at a construction site. If education can be done safely and if it corrects a genuine misunderstanding of the radio products that a warehouse or delivery service has purchased, then good. If it results in a physical confrontation or being trespassed, then not good. ORI cannot and does not recommend physically confronting people that are abusing the bands. Use email or a phone call, be professional and brief, cite the regulations, and make a report as outlined above.

For Hamfest Organizers

Consider developing sponsor vetting criteria that include regulatory compliance review. Engage constructively with community concerns about sponsor practices

For Retevis:

Obtain proper Part 90 certification for radios marketed for business use. Adjust default programming to appropriate frequencies. Specifically 450 to 470 MHz for business applications. Or clearly market 430 to 440 MHz products as amateur-only equipment.

Conclusion

The technical concerns about the RT86 have merit. The combination of Part 15B-only certification, explicit business marketing, and default programming on 430 to 440 MHz creates conditions where unsuspecting purchasers will operate illegally. This is a regulatory gap worth addressing.

The FCC has demonstrated willingness to enforce against 70cm band intrusion (Skydive Elsinore), though enforcement capacity is limited. Documented complaints through proper channels combined with realistic expectations about enforcement timelines are the most productive path forward.

Written by Michelle W5NYV, with Kenneth Hendrickson N8KH

Is Amateur Radio an Alternative to Age-Restricted Social Media?

Those of us at Open Research Institute think the answer is overwhelmingly yes. Amateur radio occupies a legally and structurally distinct space that makes it essentially immune to age verification laws as currently written, while providing exactly the kind of meaningful social and technical connection these laws threaten to eliminate.

The age verification laws sweeping across the US and globally are remarkably consistent in what they purport to target. Florida’s HB 3 defines social media platforms as online forums, websites or applications where users can upload or view content from other users, at least 10% of daily active users under 16 spend two or more hours daily on the platform, the platform employs algorithms to select content for users, and the platform has “addictive features” like infinite scrolling or push notifications. (https://www.hunton.com/privacy-and-information-security-law/florida-enacts-legislation-restriction-social-media-accounts-for-minors) The law explicitly exempts platforms limited to email or direct messaging.

Alabama’s proposed bill targets any online service that both allows users to upload or view other users’ content and employs algorithms that analyze user data to present content. Both criteria must be met. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_age_verification_laws_in_the_United_States)

These definitions consistently hinge on several key elements. Algorithmic content curation, addictive design features, commercial operation, and the scale or size of the service. Some laws like the earlier Florida SB 7072 targeted platforms with 100 million or more monthly users. This limits the services affected to a relatively small number. Multiple state laws explicitly exclude services where interaction is limited to direct messaging, educational resources, and non-commercial communications. (https://www.informationpolicycentre.com/uploads/5/7/1/0/57104281/cipl_age_assurance_in_the_us_sept24.pdf)

Amateur radio, regulated under 47 CFR Part 97, exists in an entirely different regulatory universe. The FCC defines the amateur and amateur-satellite services as being “for qualified persons of any age who are interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest,” presenting “an opportunity for self-training, intercommunication, and technical investigations.” (https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/mobility-division/amateur-radio-service)

The five statutory purposes of amateur radio under Part 97.1 are recognition of its value as a voluntary noncommercial communication service. They are, in order: For the advancement of radio art, for the expansion of the trained operator pool, to develop the amateur’s ability to provide emergency communications, and for international goodwill.

This is not a technicality or simply fluff. It’s a fundamental jurisdictional distinction. Amateur radio is a federally licensed radio service, not a commercial internet platform. The FCC, not state legislatures regulating commercial internet companies, has the primary jurisdiction.

Youth participation is a proud tradition, and not an afterthought or inconvenience. There is no minimum age for amateur radio licensing. Applicants as young as five years old have passed examinations and were granted licenses. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_licensing_in_the_United_States)

Amateur radio is a merit-based system. If you can demonstrate the knowledge then you earn the privilege, regardless of age. You need not be a US citizen, though you must have valid photo identification, be able to get mail at a US address, and there is no lower or upper age limit.

The community actively encourages youth participation. The ARRL Youth Licensing Grant Program covers the one-time $35 FCC application fee for new license candidates younger than 18, and candidates under 18 pay only $5 for the exam itself (https://www.arrl.org/youth-licensing-grant-program) rather than the standard $15. This isn’t grudging compliance with some inclusion mandate. This is the community investing in its future by removing financial barriers for young people.

Let’s take a specific amateur radio application and compare it to social media. Sometimes we hear “amateur radio is the original social media”. But, is amateur radio simply an early version of social media? Or is amateur radio something distinctive? Let’s compare Opulent Voice and Interlocutor vs. the social media platforms targeted by age verification laws.

What is triggering age verification laws? Let’s go through the list.

Algorithmic content curation designed to maximize engagement. Opulent Voice and Interlocutor has none of this. Content is delivered based on who’s transmitting, not algorithmic selection.

Addictive design features such as infinite scroll, autoplay, and engagement metrics. Opulent Voice and Interlocutor has none of this. Opulent Voice is a communications system, not an engagement-maximization engine.

Commercial operation with data monetization. Opulent Voice and Interlocutor are non-commercial by both design and legal requirement under Part 97.

Targeted advertising. Opulent Voice and Interlocutor? Targeted advertising is prohibited under amateur radio regulations. You cannot conduct commercial activity on amateur frequencies.

Collection and exploitation of minor user data. Opulent Voice and Interlocutor has no data harvesting model. This is an open-source infrastructure with no business incentive to collect personal data.

What does Opulent Voice and Interlocutor provide that maps to beneficial social media functions? We’ve listed things that are big differences, but what does social media and a modern amateur radio protocol and product have in common?

Text communication (like messaging), voice communication (like voice/video calls), data exchange, social activities (the dice roller, game commands), conference capabilities (group interaction), community building around shared interests.

The critical distinction is that OVP and Interlocutor freely and openly provide the communications substrate, the part of social media that actually benefits people, without the engagement manipulation layer that these laws are targeting. The dice roller functions and game commands we recently built into Interlocutor are particularly important because they demonstrate that social interaction and fun are possible without commercial algorithmic manipulation.

Does Amateur Radio Fall Under Age Verification Laws? Based on Open Research Institute’s analysis of the statutory language across multiple states, no, for several reasons.

First, a federal preemption. Amateur radio is a federally regulated service under FCC jurisdiction. State laws regulating “social media platforms” and “commercial entities” don’t reach into FCC-regulated radio services. The Supremacy Clause creates a strong argument that states cannot impose additional restrictions on participation in a federal radio service that the FCC has deliberately made open to all ages.

Second, a clear definitional exclusion. The statutory definitions consistently require combinations of the following. Commercial operation, algorithmic content curation, addictive design features, and scale or size thresholds. An amateur radio system fails every single one of these criteria. Even the broadest definitions we’ve found at ORI wouldn’t capture a non-commercial, non-algorithmic, licensed radio communication system.

Third, we have licensing as our gatekeeper. Amateur radio already has a long history of a highly functional knowledge-based qualification system. A young person who passes a Technician exam has demonstrated competency in RF safety, regulations, and operating practices. This is arguably a more meaningful form of “age-appropriate access” than any ID-checking scheme. It verifies capability rather than just birthday.

Finally, the Part 97 non-commercial requirement. The amateur service’s prohibition on pecuniary interest means it structurally cannot become the kind of data-exploiting, attention-harvesting platform these laws target.

We come to a clear and probing question. Can we market this? When we say “we”, then we have to be very clear. We are talking about considering many different categories of people and power. Can ARRL market this? Can individual clubs market this? Can open source authors and organizations like ORI market this? Can the amateur community in general better market this? Can amateur equipment companies market this? Can amateur radio lobbyists market this?

This is where we need some nuance and some caution. There are at least two approaches, and they’re not mutually exclusive:

The direct approach would be positioning protocols and products like Opulent Voice and Interlocutor explicitly as a youth-accessible alternative to restricted social media. This has appeal. It’s a genuine differentiator and a compelling narrative. But it carries risks. It could attract regulatory attention from legislators who might try to expand definitions, and it could attract users who are not genuinely interested in radio technique. This could create Part 97 compliance issues if usage drifts away from the amateur service’s purposes.

Then there is a more subtle approach. Organizations like Open Research Institute could position work (like Opulent Voice and Interlocutor) as what it actually is. An educational and technical communications platform built on open-source principles within a federally licensed radio service. We don’t need to say “unlike social media, kids can use this.” We could frame it as “Amateur radio has always welcomed young people who demonstrate technical curiosity and competency. Opulent Voice provides modern digital communications capabilities, such as text, voice, data, and social interaction, within this tradition.”

The narrative practically writes itself. While commercial platforms are being restricted because their business models depend on manipulating users (including children), amateur radio has always operated on a fundamentally different model. The “restriction” is that you have to learn something first. The “verification” is demonstrating knowledge, not surrendering your identity documents to a commercial entity.

Age verification laws, if they had been in effect when I was young, would have fundamentally altered my journey, experience, and wellbeing. I found people that were like me, I made very meaningful and positive connections, and I learned things that my parents had no idea were important to me. It’s not that my parents and teachers didn’t want me to learn, but the internet removed the solid barriers of geography and reduced some of the barriers of sexism and agism. It didn’t primarily matter that I was a girl in Arkansas that wanted to learn more about telephone hardware, how to build and play guitars, and how internal combustion engines worked. For the most part, with some exceptions, I was able to learn about these things, and a whole lot more beyond that. If I had not had positive reinforcement, access to a diverse set of “others” that spoke to me like I was a person and not a silly little girl, the excellent recommendations for what to master and what to skip, time-saving advice (some of it bluntly given, some of it without any tact, sure), along with the congratulations, compliments, and celebration, then I would absolutely not be where I am today. Not anywhere close.

This loss is part of what the EFF and other civil liberties organizations are warning about. The EFF has characterized these laws as creating “a sprawling surveillance regime that would reshape how people of all ages use the internet.” The EFF has said that “age verification mandates are spreading rapidly, despite clear evidence that they don’t work and actively harm the people they claim to protect.” (https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/12/year-states-chose-surveillance-over-safety-2025-review)

Research has repeatedly shown for decades that these sort of laws don’t reduce access to restricted content. They just change how people access it. Florida saw a 1,150% increase in VPN demand after its law took effect (https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/12/year-states-chose-surveillance-over-safety-2025-review). So the kids who are technically savvy enough to find workarounds will do so, while the ones who most need connection, the isolated, the curious, the ones in unsupportive environments, will get cut off.

Amateur radio can legally provide something commercial social media cannot. A federally protected, non-commercial communications service with no age minimum, no algorithmic manipulation, no data harvesting, and a built-in community of mentors. People who have always been part of ham radio culture. A young person who gets their Technician license and connects through something like Opulent Voice and talking to others on a conference server or a satellite or a terrestrial groundsat (repeater) isn’t consuming algorithmically-curated content designed to maximize a corporation’s ad revenue. They’re participating in a technical community that the federal government has recognized for nearly a century as serving the public interest.

The strongest position for those of us that care about this is probably to document this regulatory distinction clearly whenever we can, as soon as we can, and as firmly as we can, while creating protocols and products that are delightful and easy for amateur operators to use.

Perhaps we need more formal white papers or FCC/TAC filings. And, we should make the case not as “we’re a social media alternative” but as “the amateur radio service has always provided youth with meaningful technical and social engagement, and modern digital amateur radio protocols and products continue this tradition in a way that is structurally incompatible with the harms these laws address.” That framing is both legally sound and genuinely true.

Inspired by Mike W2FBI, written by Michelle W5NYV